Nestorian sect was the Christian heretical
movement originating in Asia Minor and Syria out of the condemnation
of Nestorius and his teachings by the councils of Ephesus (AD 431)
and Chalcedon (AD 451).
Nestorians stressed the independence of the divine and human natures
of Christ and, in effect, suggested that they were two persons loosely
united. In modern times they are represented by the Church of the
East, or Persian Church, usually referred to in the West as the
Assyrian, or Nestorian, Church. Most of its members - numbering about
170,000 - live in Iraq, Syria, and Iran.
Christianity in Persia faced intermittent persecution until the
Persian Church in 424 formally proclaimed its full independence
of Christian churches elsewhere, thereby freeing itself of suspicions
about foreign links. Under the influence of Barsumas, the metropolitan
of Nisibis, the Persian Church acknowledged Theodore of Mopsuestia,
the chief Nestorian theological authority, as guardian of right
faith, in February 486. This position was reaffirmed under the patriarch
Babai (497–502), and since that time the church has been Nestorian.
Nestorius had been anathematised at Ephesus in 431 for denouncing
the use of the title Theotokos (“God-Bearer”) for the Blessed Virgin,
insisting that this compromised the reality of Christ's human nature.
When supporters of Nestorius gathered at the theological school
of Edessa, it was closed by imperial order in 489, and a vigorous
Nestorian remnant migrated to Persia.
The Persian Church's intellectual centre then became the new school
in Nisibis, which carried on the venerable traditions of Edessa.
By the end of the 5th century there were seven metropolitan provinces
in Persia and several bishoprics in Arabia and India. The church
survived a period of schism (c. 521–c. 537/539) and persecution
(540–545) through the leadership of the patriarch Mar Aba I (reigned
540–552), a convert from Zoroastrianism, and also through the renewal
of monasticism by Abraham of Kashkar (501–586), the founder of the
monastery on Mount Izala, near Nisibis.
After the Arab conquest of Persia (637), the Caliphate recognized
the Church of the East as a millet, or separate religious community,
and granted it legal protection. Nestorian scholars played a prominent
role in the formation of Arab culture, and patriarchs occasionally
gained influence with rulers. For more than three centuries the
church prospered under the Caliphate, but it became worldly and
lost leadership in the cultural sphere. By the end of the 10th century
there were 15 metropolitan provinces in the Caliphate and 5 abroad,
including India and China. Nestorians also spread to Egypt, where
Monophysite Christianity acknowledged only one nature in Christ.
In China a Nestorian community flourished from the 7th to the 10th
century. In Central Asia certain Tatar tribes were almost entirely
converted, Christian expansion reaching almost to Lake Baikal in
eastern Siberia. Western travelers to the Mongol realm found Nestorian
Christians well-established there, even at the court of the Great
Khan, though they commented on the ignorance and superstition of
the clergy. When during the 14th century the Church of the East
was virtually exterminated by the raids of the Turkic leader Timur,
Nestorian communities lingered on in a few towns in Iraq but were
concentrated mainly in Kurdistan, between the Tigris River and Lakes
Van and Urmia, partly in Turkey and partly in Iran.
In 1551 a number of Nestorians reunited with Rome and were called
Chaldeans, the original Nestorians having been termed Assyrians.
The Nestorian Church in India, part of the group known as the Christians
of St. Thomas, allied itself with Rome (1599), then split, half
of its membership transferring allegiance to the Syrian Jacobite
(Monophysite) patriarch of Antioch (1653). In 1898 in Urmia, Iran,
a group of Nestorians, headed by a bishop, were received in the
communion of the Russian Orthodox church.
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